Special+Topics

 Be able to define the following terms:
 * // Biochemistry //**

¡ Biochemistry- Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition, and chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins,

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.

¡ Biopolymers- are polymers that are biodegradable. The input materials for the productions of these polymers may be either renewable or synthetic. ¡ Nucleotide- a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). This encompasses a phosphate-sugar backbone, with a nitrogenous base. ¡ Amino Acid- organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. The R-chain gives an amino acid its specific characteristics. Amino acids are also known as the building blocks of proteins. ¡ Deoxyribonucleic acid-DNA biological polymers arranged in a double-helix shape, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides in which sugar is deoxyribose. DNA does not have a hydroxyl group on Carbon-4. ¡ Ribonucleic acid- RNA biological polymer consisting of nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. RNA has a hydroxyl group on Carbon 4, which differs from DNA. RNA possesses two hydroxyl groups; in Carbon 2 and 4.



¡ Nitrogenous base- a nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base. They make up the bases of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. ¡ Protein- a polymer of amino acids. "and of large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in #|the dietof animals for growth and repair of tissue; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes.   ¡ Enzyme- biological catalysts, speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy    ¡ Monosaccharide- the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates, these are the simplest for of sugar    ¡ Polysaccharide  Any of a class of carbohydrates formed by repeating units linked together by glycosidic bonds or A complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glocosidic bonds .  ¡ Ribose  - refers to any of two enantiomers, which occurs widely in nature   ¡ Phosphate group- a phosphate group is a phosphorous atom connected to four oxygen atoms with an overall 3 minus charge. ¡ Polypeptide: A peptide consisting of two or more amino acids ¡ #|Fatty acid - a carboxylic acid with a long unbrached chain which is either saturated or unsaturated.

¡ Sterol - any group of naturally occuring unsaturated steriod #|alcohols ¡ Triglyceride - occuring naturally in plan or animals tissue. it consists of three individual fatty acids, bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body ¡ Phospholipids: a lipid with one or more phosphate attached to it   ¡ Glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that join together a carbohydrate molecule to another ¡ Amide bond- a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water (H2O). ...    ¡ Hydrogen bond  - the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom from another molecule or chemical group. It is a covalent bond. ¡ Codon- a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that specifcies the insertion of an amino acid in a specific structural position in a polypeptide chain during the synthesis of protein. ¡ Base pair-complementary bases in a double-strand nucleic #|acid molecule, In DNA cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine with thymine, In RNA cytosine pairs with guanine but adenine pair with uracil. ¡ Lipids are monomer (#|fatty acid) or polumers, that don't dissolve in water. ¡ Phosphodiester bond- is a group of strong covalent bonds in between a phosphate group and two pentoses over two ester bonds, the are also the backbone of DNA strands. ¡ Disulfate bond- combining two thiol groups; R-SH &SH-R forming a covalent bond. This bond is commonly seen int tertiary structures of protein synthesis. ¡ Alpha helix- One of the two secondary structures of a polypeptide. Specifically, an alpha helix is when the polypeptide's backbone is coiled. ¡ Beta sheets- One of the two secondary structures of a polypeptide. Specifically, a beta pleated sheet is when the peptide chain bends 180 degrees and then folds in the same plane. ¡ Central dogma of biology ¡ #|Transcription: the process of making a copy of genetic information in DNA and making a complementary strand of RNA ¡ Translation: The genetic code is carried by mRNA and decoded into a specific order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain ¡ Replication: duplicating an exact copy of the DNA ¡ Catalytic activity- a process of chemical reaction that change to increase or decrease a substance, ¡ Active site-the part of the enzyme where substrates bond and undergo a chemical reaction

 Be able to describe the process of protein folding, based on the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein and the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions that stabilize each structure.  From a DNA or RNA strand, be able to predict: ¡ The complementary strand of DNA CCTAGGTTACC Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytoseine represented as A,T,G,C, respectively, Assuming that the top row represents l l l l l l l l l l l the original strand, then the lower line of letters represents its complimentary strand. GGATCCAATG On the complimentary strand, Adenine corresponds to Thymine, Thymine corresponds to Adenine, Guanine corresponds to Cytosine, an Cytosine corresponds to Guanine. ¡ The complementary strand of RNA CCUAGGUUACC Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytoseine represented as A,U,G,C make of the initial strand of RNA. Notice that in RNA, Uracil acts in place of Thymine and l l l l l l l l l l l l acts as the template to bond to adenine. The lower strand is again the complimentary strand, only in this case to RNA instead of DNA. GGATCCAATGG On the complimentary strand, Adenine corresponds to Uracil, Thymine corresponds to Adenine, Guanine corresponds to Cytosine, an Cytosine corresponds to Guanine. ¡ Peptide produced.  Be able to describe the function of the following biomolecules:

¡ Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make the structural units of RNA and DNA. ¡ Amino Acids- critical to life and deal with metabolism. (Molecule with an amine group) ¡ DNA -organic molecule where genetic material from cell is stored ( Deoxyribonucleic acid) ¡ RNA : is use to deliver genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome ( Ribonucleic acid) ¡ Proteins-dissolve nutrients.

¡ Enzymes- catalyze chemical reactions. They are a form of protein.
 Be able to identify the following molecules based on their chemical structure:

¡ Protein - comprised of 20 different forms of amino acids. Contains O,H,C,N and may contain other elements ¡ Amino Acids - has a general formula H 2 NCHRCOOH where R is an organic substituent.

Polysaccharide - ¡ Monosaccharide- With few exceptions (deoxyribose), monosaccharides have the chemical formula C//x//(H2O)//y//, where //x// is at least 3. Monosaccharides can be classified by the number //x// of carbon atoms they contain: triose (3)tetrose (4),pentose (5),hexose (6),heptose (7), and so on. ¡ Nucleic Acids- Nucleic acids are linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine (sometimes termed //nitrogenous base// or simply //base//), a pentose sugar; and a phosphate group. The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides - DNA contains 2'-[|deoxyribose] while RNA contains [|ribose] (where the only difference is the presence of a [|hydroxyl group]). Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different: [|adenine], [|cytosine], and [|guanine] are found in both RNA and DNA, while [|thymine] occurs in DNA and [|uracil] occurs in RNA. ¡ Nucleotides- consist of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. ¡ Lipids - has long CH2 chains ¡ Triglycerides- Triglycerides are formed by combining glycerol with three molecules of fatty acid. The glycerol molecule has three hydroxyl (HO-) groups. ¡ Fatty Acids-a long chain of hydrocarbons sprouting from a carboxylic acid functional group. ¡ Steroid - composed of 3 six member carbon rings and one five member carbon ring fused together.

 Be able to identify all functional present in the following molecules:

¡ Sugars- has a carbon:hydrogen:oxygen ratio approximately 1:2:1. ¡ Amino acids have an r group surrounded by a carboxyl group and an ammine group. ¡ Nucleotides- monomers of the nucleic acids. A nucleotide contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous organic base ¡ Lipids - they include a fatty acids, some vitamins, and steroid hormones, organic compounds that are non-soluble in water.

 Be able to categorize amino acids in the following groups:

¡ Neutral ¡ Polar, uncharged ¡ Aromatic ¡ Negatively charged ¡ Positively charged

 Be able to categorize sugars based on: ¡ Number of carbons- glucose has six carbons. fructose has five. ¡ Functional groups  Be able to explain the general mechanism of action of an enzyme. An enzyme catalyzes reactions and its name is based upon what type of reaction that enzyme catalyzes.  Be able to identify the following enzymatic reactions and the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction:

¡ Oxireductases-catalyze redox reactions ¡ Transferases- catalyze the transfer of groups from one molecule to another ¡ Hydrolases- catalyze hydrolysis reactions ¡ Lyases - Catalyze eliminaton reactions ¡ Isomarases - catalyze interconversion between isomeric structures ¡ Ligases -catalyze the formation of new bonds by linking molecules together

[Dave] · I also like for students to be able to draw some of these – amino acids, fatty acids, small polypeptides, general carbohydrate structures, etc. Rest looks fine. · I also like them to determine pH dependent charges just because it’s a nice review of pKa and they will need to know pKa really well for organic.