Organic+Chemistry

 Understand the terms:
 * // Chemistry Organic //**

¡ Organic Chemistry- the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms )

but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)

¡ Carbon atom chemistry - the study of the interaction and paterns of carbon atoms with other elements. ¡ Isomers- In chemistry, isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, they can have different properties. They can also have different atomic weights. there are many isomers of each element ¡ Enantiomer- a pair of chiral molecules (mirror images or not superimposable) An example of what this is like is our hands, they have the same parts, but when placed one on top the other, they do not match up, no matter how they are rotated. ¡ Functional Groups- the part of a molecule characterized by a specific arrangement of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule or it is just a group of atom's that determine many of molecule's properties ¡ Hybridization- the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids It is when we can show the bonding using the sp3sp2...    ¡ Chiral- describes molecules with nonsuperimposable mirror images. Chiral carbon atoms are bonded to 4 different atoms or chains. The four Atoms must be COMPLETELY DIFFERENT, and if there is even one small difference it is considered different. ¡ Achiral: objects that are identical to their mirror image ¡ Optical activity - a physical property of asymmetric carbon atoms in which molecules rotate the direction in which the light is vibrating as it passes through them. ¡ Hydrocarbons - a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. Solid hydrocarbons are made up of the most Carbons, followed by liquids and then gases. ¡ Dextrorotatory - optically active substance that rotates the plane of plane polarized light clockwise ¡ Levorotatory- if the plane of polarization is rotated to the left. ¡ Aromaticity- organic compound that is related to benzene or containing one or more benzene rings. chemical property in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone __¡__ Racemic mixtures- is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers and the net rotation is zero.

 Be able to identify isomeric pairs of: ¡ Enantiomers- mirror-image molecules. they have the same chemical and physical properties. You can flip the atom (rotate) to see if they are the same or if they are enantiomers, keep into mind that you must flip the strands coming towards you, away from you. and vice versa ¡ Geometric isomers- occur in compounds that have restricted rotation around a bond (also known as cis and trans isomers) ¡ Constitutional isomers- occur when the same atoms can be connected in two or more different ways  - a change in the bond structure of the molecule  Be able to identify chiral carbons in an organic molecule A Carbon that is bonded to at least 4 different compounds is chiral. For example, if a carbon is attached to a hydrogen, a bromine, a m ethyl group and an ethyl group, that carbon is chiral.  Be able to predict physical properties such as physical state, solubility, boiling point, melting point of an organic molecule based on: ¡ Chemical structure ¡ Functional groups-a group of atoms that determines many of a molecule's properties  Be able to identify the following functional groups FOR ALKYNES, ALKANES AND, ALKENES THEY EACH HAVE THREE GROUPS... (CYLCLIC LINEAR and BRANCHED) ¡ Alkenes- contains a carbon to carbom double bond ¡ Alkynes- hydrocarbons containg a C(triple bond)C. The alcohol functional group is a saturated carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group. The Ester functional group is a carbonyl group, an oxygen bonded to the carbon in the carbonyl group, and another carbon bonded to the oxygen. An ester is made up of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
 * ¡ Alcohols- a chemical containing the hydroxyl (-OH) group single bonded to a carbon **
 * ¡ Esters **

The Esther functional group is an oxygen bonded by two saturated carbons. ¡ Carboxylic acids - have at least one carboxyl group. General formula is R-COOH where R is a monovalent functional group. These are the most common type of organic acids. Ex. Acetic Acid CH3-COOH. It is named with the alcohol first, followed by the name of the conjugate base of the acid. ¡ Aldehydes- compounds that carry a carbonyl functional group( C=O) with at least one H atom bonded to the carbonyl. (The names of compounds containing Aldehydes end in -al.) ¡ Ketones -Compounds that have an oxygen double bonded to a central carbon, with another carbon attached to the central. (The names of coumpounds containing Ketones end in -one.)
 * Ethers **

 Be able to name the following organic molecules using IUPAC nomenclature

¡ Alkanes - end with *ane* (propANE) methane ethane butane. . Saturated Hydrocarbons that are contain a Carbon to Hydrogen single bonds. ¡ Alkenes - end with *ene* (benzene) is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. ¡ Alkynes - end with *yne* (ethyne) Hydrocarbons that have a triple bond between two carbon atoms. ¡ Alcohols - Identify the longest continuous carbon chain that includes the carbon to which the -OH group is attached. This is the parent alkyl group. Name it according to the number of carbons it contains and change the -e ending to -ol. Number the C atoms such that the -OH group has the lowest possible number and when necessary use a number to indicate the position of the -OH group: Ethanol, 1-Propanol, 2-Butanol. When the chain that bears the -OH group also bears an alkyl substituent,t he chain is numbered in the direction that gives the lowest possible number to the carbon attatched to the -OH. ¡ Esters - Name esters as derivatives of the carboxylic acids by replacing the -ic acid ending with -ate. (The first part of an ester's name specifies the substituent that replaces the ionizable hydrogen of the corresponding carboxylic acid.   ¡ Carboxylic acids-use the suffix "ic" at end of the word ie(citric,acetic etc) followed by the word acid.

 Be able to predict the relative acidity of an organic compound based on: ¡ Functional group- the functional groups are Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Ethers, Alkyl Hallides, Amines, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxilic acids, Esters, amd Amides. ¡ Resonance structure-two or more equally valid Lewis structure for a single molecule that differ only in the positions of electrons ¡ Hybridization of the atom  Be able to identify the following organic reactions

¡ Elimination- an alkane is put in a base (such as NaOH) and a hydrogen that was bonded to a carbon leaves and forms water with the OH- from the base. As this happens, the electrons are pulled towards the most electronegative atom (such as Chlorine) and that Cl becomes Cl-, and breaks off of the organic compound. This results in two carbocations, which then form a double bond between themselves. ¡ Addition- an alkene is put in an acid (like HCl) and the electrons in the double bond are drawn towards the H+ in HCl. In essence the pi bond electrons react with the partially positive H+ and the double bond "disappears." This results in a carbocation, so in order to complete its four bonds, the carbon will grab the Cl from the HCl. ¡ Substitution - In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group ¡ Oxidation - is the loss of electrons. (Organic Molecules) When a molecule gains O or loses H.   ¡ Reduction - is the gain of electrons. (Organic Molecules) When a molecule loses O or gains H.    Be able to identify aromatic compounds ¡ Complex organic molecules ¡ Organic reactions-consists of elimination, addition, and substitution reactions